Far more than mere shrubbery, hedgerows represent the original "food forest" technology of cold temperate climates, with their linear nature being a perfect adaptation of forest gardening to northern latitudes where light penetration becomes key. And since forest gardening has been called "the world's oldest land use" by anthropologists, it's no wonder that where you find hedgerows they're fundamental to cuisine, medicine, magic, shelter... and life in general.
If the hedge-bug bites you, you can delve deeply into our cultural heritage with a Google quest across the the rich topic of the Hedge, by exploring:
Hedgemedicine
Hedge-laying
Hedge-witchery/Hedge-wizardry
Hedgerow foraging
Tapestry Hedges
French Hedgerows in WWII
The Hortus Conclusus
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At Lillie House, our research into hedge-tech has focused on adapting the traditional systems of British and French hedgerows, especially the English "cut and lay hedge" and the French "woven hedge" to the Great Lakes region by using bio-mimicry of the spontaneous, natural hedge-like systems that arise throughout the region. Some of our favorite foraging areas have been these natural hedgerows and we've aimed to study and recreate them at our home.
A generalized European planting would typically use:
A "thorny" main structural planting of 60% Hawthorn or Blackthorn (wild plum) or 30% of each of those. In addition to thorns, these species spread by sucker to fill in dead sections, and take very well to "coppicing," and creating tight woven hedges.
10-20% Hazel. Hazel was sometimes used as the "main planting," especially in more urban areas where nuts were desirable and
And a mix of: roses, brambles, elder, crab-apples, damsons, sloes, and wild apples and pears.
Hedgerows intended as wind breaks might include 10-30% evergreens, including yew. Science has verified the wisdom of this traditional approach, finding that a greater density of evergreens increases the turbulance of winter winds, actually increasing the problem instead of reducing it.
To get an idea of these plantings, try looking at some of the offerings of the many British companies selling traditional Hedgerow plants:
For the Great Lakes region, many of these plants could be adapted at least in function, though Blackthorn may experience problems with black rot. Good substitutes for the primary planting could include Sea Buckthorn or Goumi, which both fix nitrogen and coppice well.
Our US wild plums do not generally coppice well, so they aren't good choices, however other prunus species like Nanking Cherry make good substitutes.
Rugosa roses make an excellent choice for the US, as do our native elders. Blackberries or wild black raspberries would also be quite at home in such a planting. Mulberries are commonly found in natural hedgerows here, and I suspect that after some extra work to get it established, Paw Paw would be very happy with life in a hedgerow, too, as it suckers, tolerates shade and takes to coppicing well.
Through your next drive through the country, a quick look out the window and you're likely to see exactly this kind of plant community growing wild in the ditches. One even happens to be growing along the bike trail down the street for us, which is the one we copied for our planting. There are probably several near your home that could serve as the basis for your hedgerow.
But not all trees will work well. French and British models typically excluded trees that would be allelopathic (toxic to other plants) or those that quickly sucker and are very tolerant of shade, as they become weedy in a hedgerow. Norway maple, willows, certain dogwoods, and even English elder (a stereotypical Hedgerow tree) were often avoided, depending on the site. Tall trees such as oak, linden and maple were often included, but spaced at least 2 or 3 times mature orcahrd spacing, perhaps 200' apart. These rules typically aimed to keep hedge maintenance low by reducing pruning and weeding.
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Once you have an idea about what plants you want in your hedgerow, you'll need to make a plan for establishing it. Like all things in appropriate technology, traditional technology and Permaculture, the trick here is finding the right balance of "intensive" and "extensive" tools for the job. Traditional European hedge systems provide us with a wide range of options here, from the careful and deliberate plantings of urban French Tapestry Hedges to the nature-assisted systems of "dead hedging."
Any one hedge is likely to use a mix of hedging approaches, but arranging them in order of intensive to extensive, they might look like this:
1. Intensively planted urban or "zone 1 or 2" hedges close to the home: Hand planted at high density around 1-2' apart, relying on selected short tree species chosen to give a yield of fruit, nuts, berries beautiful folliage and flowers. Shorter species make the hedgerow less labor to maintain.
2. Semi-intensive: hand-plants pioneer species like elder, prunus species, and hazel at a greater distance of 3-5' or more. Birds, mamals, and suckering fill in the hedge. Oftentimes, hedge-layers would encourage the process by throwing fruit cores and seeds into the hedgerow.
3. Sacrificial planting: very fast growing trees are planted at a useful density 2-3' and quickly woven into a hedge. Later, these trees are selected out as more desirable species fill in. Trees especially suited to this might include empress tree, toon tree, and hybrid poplar.
4. Dead hedging: using available materials, pruinings and fallen wood to build a temporary fence to meet your needs. Over time, perching birds, and mammals help fill in the planting, reliably creating a hedgerow of useful mast and fruit species. The hedge-layer can help the process by occasionally planting in a few desirable species and selecting for the best plants.
One of my favorite gardening blogs has a great post on how this mix of procedures is covered in the French literature here:
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And finally, if you've come this far into hedge-geekery, thanks for your time! You can find even more info on our hedgerows by searching this blog, if you like. Better yet, take a minute to look at some pictures of these traditional French and British systems:
1. Google search for British "hedge laying."
2. French tapestry hedges:
And finally, if you're planning a hedgerow, please drop me a comment and let me know about it. As a certifiable hedge-geek, I'd love to hear about your project.
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Edited to add a section of recommended hedge-related resources:
http://www.thesurvivalpodcast.com/plants-for-food-hedges-fedges a piece on food hedges, with a good understanding of traditional hedge systems.
Thanks for this post. I have been scouring the Internet for some inspiration for our permaculture hedges at our new place. Thanks for all of the great info. We are using hedges around the perimeter of our property and to divide up the pasture of about 7 acres. So far we've planted poplars, chestnuts, hazelnuts, oregon gooseberries, various hawthorns, aronias, black locust, honey locust, rosa rugosa, elderberries, and evergreen huckleberries. Wow, writing it out actually makes me feel like I've gotten something done. We still have a long ways to go, but we're going steady. Thanks again for the inspiration and great links.
ReplyDeleteFrom a fellow hedge-geek
Roxanne
Roxanne,
ReplyDeleteThat sounds like it's going to be a very useful and productive hedgerow, providing a nice barrier, good forage, wildlife habitat and plenty of nuts and fruit to harvest, too. Thanks for telling me about it and good luck with your project!
Great post, as usual. I planted a hedge a few years ago, here's a picture of it in year 4: https://www.flickr.com/photos/pjchmiel/24732588049.
ReplyDeleteThis simple hedgerow runs north-south and is under some power lines, so the species are all shrub species. It's only the width of a single shrub (8-10' eventual width) due to the site being narrow. Note that this photo was taken from a higher elevation looking down; the plants shown are generally 4-6' high.
So far American Hazelnut, Ninebark, Nanking Cherry and Red Osier Dogwood have all grown well on this dry and sandy site. Elderberries have struggled and Serviceberries are slower growing. I didn't include Autumn Olive in this hedge but those do grow well on site. California False Indigo has grown well in some places and Goumi is only so-so (browsing, dieback from cold and not as fast as E. umbellata in general). Have not seen good growth of Seaberry or Buffaloberry yet, but even Sunchokes struggle to amount to much in my poor, dry soil.
As time goes by I'm filling in more herbaceous perennials between shrubs and around the edges to add diversity of species, flowering times, habitat, scale, and visual interest. The hedge is starting to self-mulch, block wind and collect organic matter. Most of the species could be coppiced and I may do that eventually on a rotation.
Thanks PJ,
DeleteIt's probably about time that we update this post. The last few years this planting has done really well and really started to fill in. In fact, we're to the point of thinking about some gentle "laying" and shaping to encourage more productivity. So far, the cane fruit and perennial herbs and vegetables have still been our top yields, with Elder and Blackberry performing well in these tight plantings. Nanking cherry and autumn olive have also been very productive in this planting, though the fruit quality of both have been widely variable.
There were also a few disappointments, too. For example, we tried live stakes of mulberry, taken from an alba/rubra cross that had good quality fruit, but not a single one survived past the first year. And a few of our "Goumi" bushes from Sandusky Valley Nursery turned out to be Autumn Olive.
Otherwise, we're very happy with this planting so far.
Thanks for the info on your hedge, too. That picture looks great. As the hedge fills in I'll be interested to observe the impact it has on the soil around it. I expect it will start to have a measurable effect soon. I think that's one benefit of a hedge, the higher density of plantings, means there's more leaves, more roots, and die-back from the extra competition means that more soil-building is going on. Nature knows what she's doing when she creates systems like this after a disturbance.
Thanks for this post! I have been trying to figure out how to create a permaculture hedge with edibles- you offer so many great suggestions here!
ReplyDelete